I-Module 1: Ukuqonda Amakilasi Wefa nokuthi Ukwakha Kanjani Iphothifoliyo Ehlukahlukene

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Ngokuya ngama-akhawunti wendabuko wokonga ukwakhiwa kwengcebo kufana nokushaya izwe lezezimali elingaqinisekile ngemephu eyodwa eyisisekelo. Emhlabebeni wanamuhla, ukwazi ubunzima bezifundo zempahla eziningi kanye nokuba uchwepheshe ekwakheni i-portfolio diversification yizinsika ezisungulwe zokwakha inkululeko yemali yomuntu ehlala njalo. Lolu lwazi oluyisisekelo yindawo yokuguqula yochungechunge lwethu lwezezimali nolwelelesi.

I-spectrum yokutshalwa kwemali: Ukuchaza amakilasi wefa

Isigaba sempahla empeleni yiqembu lokutshalwa kwezimali olwabelana ngezici ezifanayo, ziziphathe ngezindlela ezifanayo nasemakethe, futhi zize namazinga abo obungozi. Ngenkathi kulula ukunamathela ngokuphepha okujwayelekile kwemali noma okulingana nemali, okunikeza ukufinyelela okusheshayo nomqondo wokuphepha, iqiniso ukuthi akwenzi okuningi uma kuziwa ekwakheni ingcebo yangempela uma kuziwa ekwakheni ingcebo yangempela. Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhula kwazo kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka kwamanani, okusho ukuthi imali yakho ingalahlekelwa inani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuze wenze inqubekela phambili ngokwezezimali, udinga ukuhlola uhla olubanzi lwamathuba okutshala imali.

Ake siqale ngenye yezinto ezisunguliwe zamaphothifoliyo amaningi wokutshala imali:

Ukulingana, noma amasheya

Uma uthenga amasheya enkampanini, empeleni uthenga ngekusasa lawo. Ubheja emandleni enkampani yokukhula, ukuchuma, futhi wenze inzuzo. Ukuba ngumnikazi kwayo kusho ukuthi unesigxobo ekutholeni nasezintweni zenkampani, futhi ungenza imali ngezindlela ezimbili eziphambili: lapho inani lesitoko likhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nezabelo zenzuzo yenkampani ekhokhelwa abaninimasheya.

Amasheya anamandla okuletha imbuyiselo eqinile, kepha aza nokuqina okuphezulu. Inani labo lingashintshana ngokungafanele ngenxa yemizwelo yemakethe, izitayela ezibanzi kwezomnotho, izinguquko embonini, noma izindaba ezithile kuleyo nkampani. Ungatshala imali kumasheya ngamanye abhalwe ekushintshanisweni komphakathi noma ulungele imali yokutshala imali emelela zonke izingxenye zemakethe, njengezimali zenkomba.

Imali engenayo, ikakhulukazi amabhondi

Amabhondi asebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Lapho utshala imali ebhondi, ukhokha imali kuhulumeni (njengokuthi ngemali ebizwa ngemali) noma ibhizinisi (ngamabhondi ezinkampani). Ngokubuya, uthola izinkokhelo zenzalo njalo esikhathini esithile, futhi lapho ibhonda livuthwa, ukutshalwa kwemali kwasekuqaleni kuyabuyiselwa. Amabhondi abonakala ngokuvamile aphephe futhi azinze kakhulu kunamasheya. Banikeza ukusakazwa kwemali engenayo engabikezelwanga futhi bangasiza ekutholeni iphothifoliyo yakho lapho izimakethe zinamahloni noma kungaqinisekile. Kodwa-ke, ubungozi be-bond akuyona zero. Kuncike kakhulu kubani okhiphe isibopho nokuthi bathembekile ngokwanele ukwenza izinkokhelo zabo. Futhi, izibopho zesikhathi eside zingazwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamanani wenzalo, ezingathinta inani lazo ngaphambi kokuvuthwa.

Ngaphandle kokubamba kwendabuko: Izakhiwo, impahla kanye nezimali

Ngaphandle kokukhethwa kokutshala imali okuyisisekelo, kunesikhalo esiphoqayo kwamanye amakilasi empahla anikezela ngokuhlukahluka kanye nezinzuzo ezihlukile:

Ukuthengisa izindlu

I-Real Estate ifaka phakathi impahla yokuba ngumnikazi, njengamakhaya okuhlala, izikhala zentengiso, noma umhlaba ongafakwanga, noma ukutshala imali ngokungaqondile ngamathemba okutshala imali okuthengiswayo (REITS). Ukuthenga impahla ngqo kungakhiqiza imali yokuqasha futhi kukhule ngenani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kepha kuvame ukudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okungcono kakhulu. Iphinde iza nemithwalo yemfanelo eqhubekayo efana nokugcinwa, ukuphathwa kwabaqashi, kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho. Futhi, i-Real Estate akulula ukuguqukela ngokushesha ku-Cash, kubhekwa njengempahla engekho emthethweni.

IMITHETHO, Ngokuphambene, ikuvumela ukuthi utshale imali ezinkampanini ezingezona noma ezezimali. Bayathengisa ngokushintshana kwesitoko njengamasheya ajwayelekile, okwenza kube lula ukuthenga nokuthengisa. Nge-RIFS, uthola ukuvezwa emakethe yezakhiwo ngaphandle kokuhlupheka kokuphatha ngokwakho. Noma ngabe ngobunikazi obuqondile noma izintambo, indawo ethengiswayo kuvame ukubonwa njengethango elinokwethenjelwa ekulweni kwamanani emali, ngoba amanani wempahla kanye nemali yokuqasha kuvame ukukhuphuka nezindleko zokuphila. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuzibophezela kwesikhathi eside ukuze uqaphele ngokuphelele amandla alo.

Ozindukuzi

Izimpahla yizinto zokwenziwa eziluhlaza ezenziwa amandla ezomnotho kanye nezimboni ezizungeze umhlaba. Bawela ezigabeni ezintathu eziphambili:

• Amandla: kufaka phakathi uwoyela ongahluziwe, igesi yemvelo kanye nophethiloli
• Izinsimbi: Kokubili okuyigugu (njengegolide, njengesiliva, neplatinamu) kanye nezimboni (ezinjengethusi kanye ne-aluminium)
• Imikhiqizo Yezolimo: Njengokolweni, ummbila, ubhontshisi, ikhofi kanye nemfuyo

Izimpahla zingadlala indima ebalulekile kwiphothifoliyo ehlukene, evame ukukhonza njenge-buffer ngokumelene ne-inflation selokhu amanani awo avame ukukhuphuka ngokufunwa komhlaba wonke. Baphinde bathambekele ekuphatheni ngokuhlukile kunamasheya noma izibopho, okunikeza ukulinganisela ngezikhathi zokuxineka kwemakethe. Lokho kusho ukuthi, amanani entengo yezimpahla aguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi angafunga kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlinzekwa komhlaba jikelele kanye nokufunwa, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu, izingxabano zezepolitiki, kanye namazinga okukhula komnotho. Lokhu kubenza babe nomvuzo ongaba khona, kepha ube yingozi, ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Izimali ezithengiswa kakhulu (i-ETFS) kanye nezimali ezihambisanayo

Lezi zimoto zokutshala imali zenza kube lula ukwakha iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene ngokufaka imali kubatshalizimali abaningi futhi basakaze ngaphesheya kokuhlanganiswa kwezimpahla, njengamasheya noma izifunda noma izifunda ezithile.

Ama-etf bathengiswa ezimakethe zesitoko usuku lonke, njengamasheya ngamunye. Iningi elilawulwa kalula, lihlose ukubumba ukusebenza kwenkomba ethile (njenge-S & P 500), umkhakha, noma impahla. Idizayini yabo imvamisa ibangela imali ephansi, ibenze babe yindlela esebenza ngempumelelo yokutshala imali.

Izimali ezilinganayongakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuvamile kulawulwa ngabaphathi bezimali abaqeqeshiwe abakhetha ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokuya ngezinhloso zesikhwama. Abatshalizimali bathenga noma bathengise amasheya weSikhwama Mutual ngokusebenzisa inkampani yeSikhwama, futhi ukuthengiselana kuyacutshungulwa ekugcineni kosuku lokuhweba olususelwa kunani lempahla ye-NAT Fund (Nav). Izimali ezihambisanayo nazo zingaphathwa kalula uma zilandelela inkomba ethile.

Zombili lezi ze-eTFS kanye ne-Mutual Funds zinikeza ukwahluka okusheshayo futhi zikhanga kakhulu kubatshalizimali abaqala. Noma ngabe ukhetha ubuchwepheshe bezandla zabaphathi bezikhwama ezihlanganayo noma ukulula okulula kwama-ETF, lezi zimali zinikeza ukuvezwa okufinyelelekayo ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zempahla namasu okutshala imali.

Okunye ukutshalwa kwemali kanye ne-cryptocurrencies

Ekugcineni, kukhona umhlaba okhula ngokushesha:

Okunye ukutshalwa kwemali

Lesi sigaba esibanzi sihlanganisa uhlu oluningi lwempahla engahambelani kahle kwi-trio yendabuko yamasheya, izibopho kanye nemali. Lokhu kutshalwa kwemali kuza nesethi yabo yezimpawu, ubungozi, kanye nemivuzo engaba khona, ukunikela ngezinketho kulabo abafuna ukuhlukanisa ngaphandle kwezimakethe ezijwayelekile. Ezinye izibonelo eziphawuleka zifaka:

Ukulingana Kwangasese: Lokhu kufaka ukutshala imali ezinkampanini eziboshwe ngasese ezingekho ohlwini lokushintshaniswa kwesitoko somphakathi. Lokhu kutshalwa kwemali kuvame ukuhlose ukuxhasa ukwanda kwebhizinisi, ukwakhiwa kabusha, noma ukuthenga futhi kuvame ukudinga imali ebalulekile ngombono ohlala isikhathi eside.

Izimali zeHedge: Lezi zimali zisebenzisa uhla lwamasu athuthukile, kufaka phakathi ukuthengisa okufushane, okufakwayo, kanye nokutholwa, ukufuna ukubuyiselwa kwezimakethe zombili ezikhuphukayo neziwayo. Ngenkathi benganikela ngezinzuzo ezihlaba umxhwele, nabo babeka engcupheni enkulu nobunzima.

Uhambo olukhulu: Kugxile ekubhaleni imali kanye nezinkampani ezincane ezinamandla aphezulu okukhula, inhlokodolobha ye-venture inikeza ithuba lokubuya okukhulu, kodwa futhi iza nengozi yokulahleka okuphelele uma ibhizinisi lehluleka.

Izimali Zengqalasizinda: Lokhu kutshalwa kwemali kuhloselwe izinsizakalo ezibalulekile nezinsiza ezifana nemigwaqo emikhulu, ama-grids wamandla, amasistimu wamanzi namanethiwekhi we-telecom. Imvamisa zinikezela ngemali engenayo futhi zifakwe ngokunye kusuka ekushintsheni kwemakethe ngenxa yemvelo ebalulekile yezinsizakalo zabo.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukile kungathandeka ngoba zinikeza ithuba lokubuyiselwa okuphezulu futhi zivame ukuboshwa kancane ku-UPS nasezimakethe zezimakethe zomphakathi, zinikeza abatshalizimali ngezinzuzo zokuhlukahlukana okuhlukile. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukufuna ukuzibophezela okukhudlwana kwezezimali, ziphathe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi zinikeze ukwenziwa okulinganiselwe, kuvame ukuvala imali iminyaka eminingana. Ukukhuthala okufanelekile nokuqonda okuqinile kwempahla kubalulekile ngaphambi kokungena ngaphakathi.

I-CryptoCurrencies

I-CryptoCurencies, enjenge-bitcoin, i-ERereemu, nabanye, imele isigaba esisha nesivela ngokushesha. Lezi yizimali zedijithali ezakhiwe kubuchwepheshe be-blockchain, uhlelo lwe-ledger oluhlukanisiwe futhi olusobala. Ngokungafani nemali yendabuko ekhishwe imali (i-Fiat Curren), ama-cryptocurrencrencies asebenza ngaphandle kwegunya eliphakathi, enikeza abasebenzisi amandla okukhokhelwa okuqondile, kontanga kuya kontanga kanye nokuzimela kwezezimali.

Bangakwazi ukufeza izinhloso ezahlukahlukene: njengendlela yokushintshana, isitolo senani, noma uphethiloli ngemuva kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukanisiwe (ama-DApps) nezinsizakalo ku-Web3 ekhulayo ye-web3. Futhi ngenkathi bephethe isithembiso esikhulu sokuqamba izinto ezintsha kanye nenzuzo, beza nobungozi obukhulu. Amanani angaguqa kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane. Imithetho isathuthuka ezifundeni eziningi. Kukhona nobungcweti kwezobuchwepheshe, okusukela kuma-hacks ashintshile kanye nokwebiwa kwesikhwama ekuhlaselweni kobugebengu bokweba imininingwane ebucayi, futhi ngeshwa inani eliphakeme lemikhonyovu esikhaleni, njenge “Rug Dons” nezinhlelo ze-Ponze.

Ngenxa yalezi zinto, ama-cryptocurrencies adinga indlela eqaphe futhi enolwazi. Noma yimuphi umtshalizimali onentshisekelo kulesi sikhala kufanele athathe isikhathi sokucwaninga kahle, aqonde ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo, uhlale uvuselelwa ngentuthuko yezomthetho, futhi uzilungiselele ukuguquguquka okwedlulele.

Ubuciko obungenakuqhathaniswa kwePostfolio Diversification

Ukuhlanganisa ndawonye amakilasi ahlukahlukene wempahla ngendlela ecatshangwe kahle yinhliziyo yePostfolio Diversensification. Leliqhinga elihlolwe isikhathi, elivame ukuhunyushwa emuntwini olula “Musa ukubeka wonke amaqanda akho kubhasikidi owodwa,” kubalulekile ekwehliseni ubungozi futhi uzuze i-steadier ibuyela ngaphezulu kwe-haul ende. Ngokusakaza imali yakho ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zempahla, izimboni kanye nezifunda, wakhela iphothifoliyo lapho ukusebenza okungekuhle endaweni eyodwa kungalinganiswa ngemiphumela enamandla kwenye. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela kokutshalwa kwezimali okungahambi kahle kwirejista efanayo kusiza i-cushion blow ngesikhathi sokumaketha nokudla, ukudala indlela eqinile futhi ekhulisa kakhulu imali yakho.

Ukwehluka okuphumelelayo kusho ukuqonda ukuthi impahla ehlukene ihlangana kanjani komunye nomunye, futhi ihlose ukuhlanganiswa lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali ngakunye kuphendula ngendlela ehlukile kuzinguquko emnothweni. Uma kwenziwa kahle, le ndlela yehlisa ama-up aphelele kanye ne-Downs kuphothifoliyo yakho, okwenza uhambo lwakho lwezezimali lube bushelelezi futhi lube lungabonakala ngokwengeziwe.

Ukwakha i-Blueprint yakho: Imigomo, ubungozi, nesikhathi sesikhathi

Ngaphambi kokungena ezweni lokutshala imali, kubalulekile ukubuyela emuva bese ubeka uhlelo lwakho lwezezimali. Qala ngokubona ngokusobala izinhloso zakho, noma ngabe kunesidingo sesikhashana esifana nokonga ikhaya, icebo lesikhathi esiphakathi linjengezimali zengane yakho, noma iphupho lesikhathi eside njengokujabulela umhlalaphansi ophephile. Lezi zinhloso zizosiza ekuboneni ukuthi kufanele ugcine imali ende kangakanani etshaliwe futhi hlobo luni lokutshalwa kwemali olufanelekile kangcono inhloso ngayinye.

Ngasikhathi sinye, udinga ukubheka ngokweqiniso izinga lokududuzeka kwakho ngengozi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukungaqiniseki ukuthi ungakwazi ukukuphatha okungakanani uma kukhulunywa ngenani lokutshalwa kwemali kwakho kukhuphuka naphansi. Ukubekezelelana kwakho ubungozi kubunjwe ngeminyaka yakho, kufanele kube yimali yakho ayinzile kangakanani, ucelwa umcebo ongakanani, nokuthi ungasisebenzisa kahle kangakanani izinqumo zemakethe ngaphandle kokwenza izinqumo eziphoqelelayo.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhloso zakho, ukubekezelelana kwakho ubungozi, kanye nomugqa wakho wokutshala imali yikhona okubukwa ukwabiwa kwempahla yakho, indlela ohlukanisa ngayo imali yakho phakathi kwezimali ezahlukene. Lapho lezi zinto zivumelanisa, iphothifoliyo yakho iba uhlelo olwenziwe umuntu uqobo olufana nendlela yakho yokuphila, amagugu, namaphupho ezezimali.

Ukuqonda uhla lwezinketho zokutshalwa kwezimali ezitholakalayo nokwamukela indima enamandla yokuhlukahlukana akuyona nje ukwazi izisekelo zezezimali, isinyathelo sokuqala sokulawula ikusasa lakho lezezimali. With lolu lwazi, uzobe uhlomele kangcono ukubhekana nezinguquko zemakethe ngokuzethemba, ukubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokwakha ingcebo ehlala njalo.

Okuhlobene